Terrible triad injury of the elbow: a historical perspective.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study are to summarize (1) the history of terrible triad injury (TTi) treatment and (2) the clinical and biomechanical data that engendered its evolution. METHODS: A literature search was performed using five electronic databases. Results were discussed as a chronologic review of the relevant literature between 1920 and 2022. RESULTS: In 1962, Osborne was the first to describe a link between elbow dislocation, radial head fracture, and lateral collateral ligament complex injury via a novel mechanism: posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI). Given that untreated elbow instability leads to post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), there has been increasing interest in elbow biomechanics since the 1980s. Data from studies in that period revolutionized the approach to elbow instability. The authors demonstrated that TTi could occur via a PLRI mechanism with a disruption of the lateral collateral ulnar ligament and a functionally competent anterior medial collateral ligament (aMCL). Since the 1990s, due to the difficulty in identifying its pathoanatomic features, some began to speculate about a sequence of injuries and mechanisms leading to TTi. However, the clinical literature has largely been unable to reproduce in vitro findings describing the pathomechanics of TTi. Some aspects of treatment remain controversial including systematic coronoid and aMCL repair. CONCLUSION: Despite a growing body of biomechanics data, there is no widely accepted surgical protocol for the treatment of TTi. Functional outcomes among patients have greatly improved. Better diagnosis and treatment of infra-clinical instability after a TTi may be an important stepping stone to prevent the onset of moderate/severe PTOA.

Ulna shortening osteotomy for ulnar impaction syndrome: Impact of distal radioulnar joint morphology on clinical outcome.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment of ulnar impaction syndrome (UIS) is based on ulnocarpal decompression, which may be achieved by ulna shortening osteotomy. The aim is to restore zero or negative ulnar variance. Tolat et al. described 3 distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) morphologic types: vertical, oblique and reverse. Joint type has been thought to influence the clinical result of shortening, especially in the reverse type. HYPOTHESIS: DRUJ type does not influence clinical results in ulna shortening osteotomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-nine wrists were operated on in 27 patients: 13 female, 14 male; mean age at surgery, 43 years (range, 18-72 years). In 20 cases, UIS was idiopathic and in 7 post-traumatic. Mean preoperative ulnar variance was 3.6mm (range, 2-18mm). The osteotomy was fixed by screwed plate. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients (27 wrists) were assessed at a mean 64 months (range, 18 months to 13 years). There were no cases of infection or hematoma. DRUJ was type 1 (vertical) in 6 cases (22%), type 2 (oblique) in 14 (52%) and type 3 (reverse) in 7 (26%). Mean postoperative pain score on VAS was 0.7/10 (range, 0-4); 9 wrists remained painful. Mean Quick-DASH was 16.9 (range, 0-48) and mean PRWE 21.9 (range, 16.9-59). Thirteen patients were very satisfied, 11 satisfied, 1 moderately satisfied, and 2 dissatisfied. Mean postoperative ulnar variance was -0.1mm (range, -4 to +8mm). Three wrists developed osteoarthritis, all following traumatic UIS. There were no significant correlations between DRUJ type and other clinical or radiological parameters. DISCUSSION: Ulna shortening osteotomy has proven efficacy in UIS. The literature reports excellent or good results in 75% of cases. In the present study, 96% of patients considered themselves cured or improved by surgery, and none reported worsening. Ulna shortening osteotomy can be used in all 3 DRUJ types; DRUJ coronal morphology does not impact clinical result. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV-retrospective study.

Value of the synovial C-reactive protein test in the diagnosis of total hip and knee periprosthetic joint infections: A case-control study.

INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) can be challenging and rests on several principles. The use of diagnostic biomarkers, such as the synovial C-Reactive Protein (CRP), seems promising. The purpose of this study was to determine whether synovial CRP was a more discriminating test than serum CRP for the diagnosis of hip and knee PJI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 194 patients were included in this single center prospective study: 42 primary arthroplasties (control group [CG]), 111 revisions for aseptic prosthesis (aseptic revision group [ARG]), and 41 revisions for septic prosthesis (septic revision group [SRG]) based on the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) criteria. RESULTS: The serum and synovial CRP levels were significantly higher in the SRG than the other two groups (SRG serum CRP=75.6mg/L vs. ARG serum CRP=6mg/L and CG serum CRP=2.7mg/L, p<0.001; SRG synovial CRP=31.5mg/L vs. CG synovial CRP=2.6mg/L and ARG synovial CRP=1.7mg/L, p<0.001). The positive likelihood ratios (LR+) were very similar for both the synovial CRP cut-off value of 4.4mg/L (LR+=7.04; sensitivity [Se] 82.5%, specificity [Sp] 88.3%) and the serum CRP cut-off value of 9mg/L (LR+=6.3; Se 87.5%, Sp 86.1%). CONCLUSION: This study showed that synovial CRP testing was not more discriminating than serum CRP in the diagnosis of hip and knee PJI. A serum CRP level greater than 9mg/L was a sign of PJI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III; case-control study.